In this cross-post
between Australasian Christian Writers and Christian Writers Downunder, I’ve
been tasked with writing about the different types of nonfiction. This genre
covers a lot of ground, from biographies of famous people to new ways with tofu,
from annual reports and training manuals to news articles and blogs. First,
let’s get some definitions under our collective belts.
What is Nonfiction?
In the broadest sense,
nonfiction is anything based on factual information. This differs from fiction
built around true events or characters. Tracy Chevalier imagined a backstory
for the girl in Vermeer’s iconic painting Girl with a Pearl Earring. We
understand that she took some literary licence in doing that, but it doesn’t
matter. We’re happy to get swept up in the story. In contrast, readers expect
that nonfiction is true, or at least a well-argued and reasoned version of the
truth.
Reportage vs Creative Nonfiction
I also want to make a
distinction between straight reportage and creative nonfiction. In reportage,
you present the information as objectively as possible. For example,
journalists report the news using the 'who, what, when, where, why and how' questions.
An intoxicated Lithuanian clown was injured this morning when his skateboard collided with a penguin on the Gold Coast Highway. The penguin remains in a fishy condition at Sea World.
Other types of
nonfiction that might come under the reportage umbrella include dissertations, scientific
papers, and annual reports. These documents can include opinion, interpretation
and analysis, as long as such commentary is logical and consistent with the
available evidence.
In creative
nonfiction, you still deal with facts, but you use literary devices to convey
them in an engaging way (e.g. scenes, dialogue, imagery). For example, a
straight news article might report that missiles were fired over Tel Aviv,
while a piece of creative nonfiction might show events through the eyes of
someone holidaying in Israel at that time. (See Anna Elkins’ travel essay Of Danger and Beauty for an example).
If you would like to
find out more about writing creative nonfiction, I highly recommend Lee
Gutkind’s book You Can’t Make this Stuff Up: The Complete Guide to Writing
Creative Nonfiction from Memoir to Literary Journalism and Everything in
Between. If you would like a quicker introduction, I have a four-part series on
creative nonfiction on my website. Just go to my writing tips blog and see
Posts 33 to 36.
In the remainder of
this post, I’ll highlight some of the main types of creative nonfiction.
Biographies, Autobiographies and Memoirs
Biographies,
autobiographies and memoirs all tell about the life of someone, but they differ
in terms of the author and focus.
A biography is written
by someone other than the subject. For example, Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr,
Prophet, Spy by Eric Metaxis.
In contrast, autobiographies
and memoirs are written by the subject. It’s your story told in first-person. While
there is some overlap between the two, memoirs tend to cover a particular theme
or a shorter period in the person’s life rather than trying to include the
whole saga. Jo-Anne Berthelsen’s memoir Soul Friend tells the story of her
special relationship with her spiritual mentor, Joy. Other aspects of Jo-Anne’s
life are only mentioned insofar as they relate to that main theme. Memoirs also
typically involve more reflection, as authors look back on events and discuss
what it means to them now or what they might have done differently.
For some tips on
writing life stories, please see Posts 8 to 11 on my blog.
‘How-To’ Books
As the name suggests,
these types of books give readers practical instructions for accomplishing
certain tasks. Whether it’s upcycling or unicycling, preparing a sermon or
peppering a salmon, there’s bound to be a book or article to show what you need
to know.
Christine Dillon’s
book Telling the Gospel Through Story is a good example. Christine draws on her
experiences in cross-cultural mission work to show readers how they can use
stories to talk to people about their faith
There are also a
myriad of writing craft books that show you how to show, and tell you how to
tell. Some favourites of mine are Plot and Structure by James Scott Bell and
Story Genius by Lisa Cron. (Click here to see my post on how to use Cron’s
techniques to deepen character in fiction).
Self-Help Books
Self-help books are
like ‘how-to’ guides for your life. Some of these books help you deal with
challenging situations (e.g. abuse, addiction, depression, parenting,
singleness), while others help you to lead a more fulfilling life.
A number of Christian
living books fall within this category. In her book Beyond Betrayal: How God is
Healing Women (and Couples) From Infidelity, Lisa Taylor shares her own story,
but also discusses research, strategies and resources to help people who’ve
been through similar experiences. Other examples include Bill Hybel’s Simplify: Ten Practices to Declutter Your Soul and Cloud and Townsend’s Boundaries: When to Say Yes, How to Say No To Take Control of Your Life.
Expository Books
I’m using this term in
a very broad sense to refer to books that describe or explain information
surrounding a particular topic. It could be a book about brain surgery, global
warming, literature, theology, politics, cricket, history, psychology, or the
companions of Dr Who. The main aim is to inform the reader about the topic. For
example, Mark Worthing combines literature and history in his book Narnia,
Middle-Earth and the Kingdom of God: A History of Fantasy Literature and the
Christian Tradition.
Poetry and Song
As I mentioned
earlier, there are dozens of sub-genres within nonfiction and I’ve only
scratched the surface. There is also a lot of overlap across categories. For
example, Ruth Bonetti combines family memoir with the political undercurrents
of the times in her award-winning book Burn my Letters: Tyranny to Refuge.
Even if you mainly write fiction, you could make the odd foray into the nonfiction world. Perhaps you could write a magazine article about the nineteenth century fashions worn by your heroine or the science behind the gene therapy in your young adult thriller. Anthologies also provide opportunities for short nonfiction pieces (e.g. The Gecko Renewal and Other Stories of Life edited by Tabor College lecturers James Cooper and Mark Worthing).
Even if you mainly write fiction, you could make the odd foray into the nonfiction world. Perhaps you could write a magazine article about the nineteenth century fashions worn by your heroine or the science behind the gene therapy in your young adult thriller. Anthologies also provide opportunities for short nonfiction pieces (e.g. The Gecko Renewal and Other Stories of Life edited by Tabor College lecturers James Cooper and Mark Worthing).
Nola Passmore is a
writer and editor who has had more than 150 short pieces published, including
fiction, poetry, devotions, magazine articles, academic papers and true
stories. She and her husband Tim own
their own freelance writing and editing business called The Write
Flourish. She is currently writing an
ever-changing novel and will have the draft finished before Christmas ... really!
Web site: http://www.thewriteflourish.com.au
Twitter: https://twitter.com/NolaPassmorePinterest: https://www.pinterest.com.au/nolapassmore/
Hi Nola. Thanks for giving 'The Gecko Renewal' a shout out. Competitions like Stories of Life give people a chance to try their hand at nonfiction in short story form. It's a great opportunity and it looks like it will run again next year :).
ReplyDeleteHi Sue - Thanks for that. I'm sorry I ran out of time to get something in this year, but will make sure I have something ready to go next time. A couple of the places I used to send short true stories to have folded, but there are lots of other opportunities out there. I'm looking forward to reading everyone's stories in The Gecko Renewal. Thanks for commenting :)
DeleteAs I wrote in my comment on the CWD blog, thanks again, Nola, for including my book 'Soul Friend' in your excellent overview of what non-fiction is all about. When I next have to give a workshop on creativity in writing non-fiction, I will remember to refer back to this--very helpful.
ReplyDeleteAlso as I said on the CWD blog re my favourite non-fiction books, I love the more contemplative, reflective style of Christian authors such as Henri Nouwen, Richard Rohr, David Benner etc. I might not agree with everything I read, but it gives me much food for thought and prayer.
My pleasure, Jo. I really enjoyed 'Soul Friend'. I've heard a lot of good things about Henri Nouwen, but haven't actually read any of his books. Will have to check him out, along with the others you mention.
DeleteI used to read a lot of biographies and autobiographies. 'The Hiding Place' and 'God's Smuggler' are still among my favourites, but I also like reading anthologies of short true stories. Everyone has a story to share. Thanks for sharing yours.
Nola, excellent post! Thanks for providing a helpful overview of the different categories of nonfiction. :)
ReplyDeleteThe timing for your post is also excellent - starting next Monday we’re drawing on the treasure in our ACW blog archives. We will be sharing your three part Creative Nonfiction series on each Monday in November.
Thanks for that, Narelle. So much to cover in that topic, that I feel I've only skimmed the surface, but hopefully it gives a general overview. And that is good timing re the archived posts. Thanks for giving them another run. Much appreciated :)
DeleteHi everyone - Just realised that one of the links isn't working. If you wanted to hear that Apollo 8 broadcast, you can find it at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ToHhQUhdyBY
ReplyDeleteSorry about the omission.
H Nola, I've been tossing around the idea of writing about experiences I've had as the "better" half of our evangelistic ministry. I thought its title could be 'Beds I Have Slept In'. It would definitely contain scads of humour. Is that permissible in a non serious, non-fiction kind of memoir?
ReplyDeleteHi Rita - Humour in a memoir definitely fits within that category. Remember, I'm the woman who brought you clowns and penguins on the Gold Coast Highway! There are many humorous memoirs out there, but humour also has a place in an otherwise serious memoir to 'lighten the load'. I'll look forward to your tell-all book coming out. Thanks for commenting.
DeleteHi Nola, excellent introduction. I read over 50 non-fiction books most years, a combination of Christian living or self-help, bio/memoir and 'how to' ... Some of my favourite authors are: John Eldredge, John Ortberg, Jon Bloom, Mark Batterson, Dallas Willard, to name a few. I'll often study a "topic" as I've found most years there is a common topic that comes out. For example, prayer has been popular the last few years and I've read a number of different books on the topic. This year, "Intimacy with God" is becoming popular. Interesting for me as I'm working on my own project on this subject.
ReplyDeleteMemoir-style books continue to be popular. One thing I've found that differentiates the better memoir from the average one is that they identify universal truths through their own experience. This has been valuable for me as I work on my non-fiction piece as often we can base too much emphasis on our experience which may not be universal and/or sufficiently interesting or relevant.
We're all familiar with the comment "one day I'm going to write my story" - and yes, for many this is important to do for a variety of good reasons. The creating process side by side with the Lord is one great reason to do this. However, unless their story is particularly compelling or includes many universal truths it's unlikely to find a wind readership beyond family and friends.
Hi Ian - Thanks for that. Wow, that's a lot of nonfiction books in a year. I used to read primarily nonfiction, until I caught the fiction bug about 10 years ago. Now it's probably half and half (or a little tipped towards fiction).
ReplyDeleteI think you've made a really valuable point about the universals in a good memoir. I have to remember that when I'm wearing my other hat as an editor. Lots of people want to write their life stories, but I always ask them what they hope to do with it. Writing it just for family and friends is certainly valid and some people are happy with that. However, I always let them know it needs to have broader appeal if they're hoping to have it traditionally published, or even if they're self-publishing but hoping to reach a wide audience.
Your own project sounds really interesting. Good luck with it. It was great seeing you at the conference. Sorry I didn't get a chance to talk to you more. So much happening on the Saturday that my head was in a spin.
Thanks for commenting.
Hi Nola, great blog! I guess my Survival series fits into self-help, except that it doesn't take itself too seriously. Interestingly, I also write other kinds of non-fiction such as songs and have considered a kind of professional memoir. So many ideas to pursue!
ReplyDeleteThanks Steph. I think a self-help book that doesn't take itself too seriously can be just as effective as the heavier ones. Humour can help lighten a serious topic and help people to see that they're not alone. And you're right that there are so many ideas to pursue. I've got lots of ideas on the backburner for when I finish the novel. Good luck with your projects and thanks for commenting :)
DeleteThanks for this breakdown Nola! I like the Christian living type books that would fall in the 'self help'. One of my favourites is by Shauna Niquest and it's called Present over Perfect. It's a self-help that isn't all serious, has some fun in and some recipes, but also some tips on dealing with life.
ReplyDelete