As a child, I loved
words — learning the precise names of plants, animals and people; remembering
proverbs, sayings and idioms. I loved the way words rolled off my tongue; the
way words belonged together – ‘chalk and cheese’, ‘treasure trove’ or ‘bright
and beautiful’. I loved that there was a word to
express the smallest nuance or a phrase to say precisely what one
wanted to say in a colourful and picturesque way. I especially loved that sayings
often came in opposing pairs. ‘Many hands make like work.’ ‘Too many cooks spoil the broth.’ ‘Great minds think alike.’ '
I was shocked to learnt that much of my
treasury of words and sayings are considered to be deadly traps or mortal
sins for modern fiction writers. A good writer, it is said, avoids clichés
like the plague.
What is a cliché?
A cliché is a word, phrase or idea that has been overused and is now trite, predictable or no longer fresh. It is
something that has been repeated so often that it becomes as ineffective as
baldy tyres.
Clichés in fiction
Clichés are easy to write and to understand but they are often
lazy, boring or bland.
Peter Selgin states:
We’re drawn to clichés because they’re convenient. And convenience for writers—convenient plots, convenient characters, convenient coincidences, convenient settings or situations or strings of words—almost always spells doom.
We use clichés in metaphors,
phrases, dialogue, characters and plots.
Metaphors or phrases
Clichéd metaphors are phrases or images
that are overused due to their original creative brilliance or aptness. (Some words are fossilised cliches e.g. 'understood'). Examples of clichés include phrases such as ‘your worst
nightmare’ or ‘a rough diamond’ or ‘a heart of gold’.
Powerful prose includes original but also natural or
appropriate metaphors. To compare teeth to pearls is not original. To compare
pupils to curled up caterpillars as Travis Tea does may be original, but it’s also
bizarre. Metaphors need to have the
right tone or give the right impression as well as being appropriate to the character and
setting. Sometimes it’s hard to find the balance between originality and
appropriateness.
Characters
Clichéd characters can jar or bore the reader. A common
mistake is to have a ‘Mary Sue’ character — a character who is beautiful, brilliant
at everything, loved by all. Other clichés might be ‘the chosen one’
(especially in fantasy), the dumb blonde or the wise fool. In trying to leave the cliché behind, we can sometimes produce a polar opposite cliché, for instance, the
person whom society expected to be good is shown to be truly evil.
Story telling draws on common archetypes — heroes, villains,
mentors, helpers, the love interest, the rival etc. Yet clumsily applied, archetypes become two dimensional stereotypes.
‘The real problem with clichés is
that they deprive us of genuine details, which, though less sensational, are
both more convincing and more interesting.’ Peter Selgin 2012
You can add individuality,
complexity and/or place the character in a different context or culture.
Plots and World Building
Christopher Booker suggests there are seven basic plots while
Joseph Campbell reduces plots to one (the Hero’s Journey). Common plots may
include rags to riches, overcoming the monster (within or without),
the journey and return, the quest or romance. It may include devices such as ‘happily ever
after’, ‘love at first sight’, animals or kids smarter than adults (common
Disney theme), initiation ceremony as threshold into adventure, killing off the
parents (often in Young Adult).
Other works can be clearly derivative — for example, the
common use of elves, dwarves and orcs in fantasy fiction following Lord of the
Rings; or stories about schools of wizardry (following Harry Potter). There is
heated debate whether The Hunger Games is a take-off of Battle Royale or
whether Paolini in Eragon borrows too heavily from Star Wars (in plot) or
Tolkien and MaCaffrey in his world building
Clichéd situations can happen in real life and different plots or plot
moves may move in and out of fashion. Randy Ingermanson argues that producing an
emotional response is more important than avoiding all clichés. He talks about ‘design
patterns’. For example, a door is a design pattern that solves a common problem
(how to get into a room). Doors can come in different shapes, materials and
sizes. Even a door can be one of a kind.
While it's not easy (or even desirable) to avoid all common elements in plots, it is essential to
come up with a fresh angle or recombination of elements.
When is it okay to use clichés?
- Dialogue – people often use clichés in dialogue, though particular phrases can be overdone, for instance ‘Make my day’ or ‘Is that what I think it is?’ .
- Comedy and parody – where a twist is added.
- First drafts — it is probably better to use the phrases that first come to mind to keep the creative flow. They can be changed in later drafts.
When is a cliché not a cliché
Orin Hargraves argues that some frequent expressions aren’t clichés.
Some are formal words or titles. Also many idioms or succinct expressions are still effective or can’t be efficiently expressed in another way.
At different times, I've been pulled up on phrases
like ‘a twinkle in her eye’, ‘time stood still’ or ‘his eyes widened’ as clichés.
To some extent I struggle with this – mentioning the widening of the eye is a
way of showing emotion. And while ‘twinkling eyes’ may well have been overused,
it is a phrase that expresses a certain look - a sparkle that suggests benevolent
teasing or humorous outlook. ‘Time stood
still’ describes a phenomena (the distortion of time sense in a crisis) in a succinct
and clearly understandable way.
Even so, fiction requires a higher level of originality than
other forms of communication.
How to push past clichés.
- Subvert the cliché — eg both Shrek and Fiona subvert the traditional fairy tale ideas of heroes and hereoines.
- Dig deeper — move beyond the first impressions.
- Mix and match —add diverse elements to come up with something different.
- When using a common saying or metaphor — think, what does it actually mean, state it in plain language or transpose it into your own saying or image.
- Use imagery that is appropriate to the character, culture and setting.
- Be inventive rather than derivative.
- Authenticating detail — ‘By slowing down and taking the time and trouble to imbue our stories with authentic, rich, specific moments and details, we achieve real drama and avoid its floozy cousins, sentimentality and melodrama.’ Peter Selgin 2012
It is hard, perhaps impossible, to avoid clichés altogether.
However, we can work at making our words, characters and plots fresh and
interesting.
What clichés in metaphors, characters and plots annoy you?
Have you seen clichés presented in original ways? What frequent phrases do you
think are unfairly labelled as clichés?
Image: Sandid Public Domain
Jeanette
O’Hagan enjoys writing fantasy fiction, poetry, blogging and editing. She is
currently writing her Akrad’s Legacy Series – a Young Adult secondary world
fantasy fiction with adventure, courtly intrigue and romantic elements. She has
short stories and poems published in Tied in Pink romance anthology (December
2014) and Poetica Christi’s Inner Child (July 2015), in several upcoming
anthologies, and on her website Jeanette O'Hagan Writes. She has a medical degree, a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Theology and has completed her Master of Arts (Writing) with Swinburne University of Technology in June 2015. Jeanette loves reading, painting, travel, catching up for coffee with friends and pondering on the meaning of life. She lives in Brisbane with husband, two school-aged children and two cats.
Tied in Pink (Romance anthology for Breast Cancer Research)
http://www.amazon.com/Tied-In-Pink-anthology-Research-ebook/dp/B00QZBAP0S
You can find
her
